Nihoner
N1 GRAMMAR 0s study 📖 0 today
ni
and; in addition to
Next →
🃏 Flashcard
ni
Tap to reveal usage
and; in addition to
N1
Tap to test your recall · +10 XP
📊 Pattern Stats
JLPT Level N1
Advanced · Literary, rhetorical & rare forms
Reading ni
Post ID 51293
Patterns today 0
0 / 10 daily goal
📝 Usage Notes

and; in addition to

📖 How to use it

Uses に to connect two actions or states, meaning 'and' or 'in addition to', typically adding a second element that is also true or done.

Attaches to Attaches to the dictionary form of a verb (e.g., できる, 高い), or to the stem of a noun or な-adjective (e.g., 学生であるに is not standard; instead, it directly follows the noun or な-adjective stem, as in 学生に, but this is rare; more commonly it follows the dictionary form of a verb or the plain form of an adjective).

This に is a conjunctive particle that lists two predicates, indicating that the second item is added to the first. It is similar to 'and' or 'moreover', and it often implies that both actions or states are performed or true, sometimes with a sense of 'doing both' or 'being both'. It is a formal, written-style pattern, rarely used in casual conversation. The second clause often ends with an evaluative or conclusive expression, like 悪い, 疲れる, or a negative judgment. For example, it can express that something is 'both A and B', or that one does 'A and B' in addition. Note that this に is different from the particle に that marks destination or location (e.g., 学校に行く). That に is unrelated and much more common. This conjunctive に is a separate grammar point, typically found in formal writing or speeches.

彼は仕事ができるに、人柄も良い。
Kare wa shigoto ga dekiru ni, hitogara mo yoi.
He is capable at his job, and also has a good personality.
この店は値段が高いに、味も今一つだ。
Kono mise wa nedan ga takai ni, aji mo imahitotsu da.
This shop is expensive, and on top of that, the taste is not great either.
彼女は美しいに、性格も優しい。
Kanojo wa utsukushii ni, seikaku mo yasashii.
She is beautiful, and also has a gentle personality.
Not と or し と is a simple conjunction for nouns or full clauses, but に here attaches to a verb stem and has a more formal, additive nuance. し is a casual way to list reasons or facts, but に is formal and often used in written evaluations, not in everyday speech.
Register Formal, mainly used in written Japanese or formal speeches; avoid in casual conversation.
🎯 Quick Quiz
What does this grammar pattern mean or do?
📚 How to Master This Pattern
🔊
Say It Aloud
Press Hear it and repeat に three times. Feel the rhythm — grammar patterns have a natural flow.
🃏
Flip Before Reading
Always try to recall the usage before flipping the card. Struggle = learning. Every failed recall makes the next one stick harder.
✍️
Write Two Sentences
Compose two original sentences using に. One about yourself, one about something you see right now.
Spaced Review
Save this pattern and revisit at 10 min, 1 day, 3 days. Production (writing) beats recognition for grammar.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What does the grammar pattern に mean?
And; in addition to
What JLPT level is に?
Nihoner currently groups this pattern under JLPT N1 — Advanced · Literary, rhetorical & rare forms. Use the level label as study guidance rather than a prediction of what will appear on an exam.
How do you use に in a sentence?
Attach (ni) to the appropriate verb or noun form as described in the usage notes. Then try writing two original sentences — one about yourself and one about something around you.
Is に formal or casual Japanese?
is used in formal or written contexts. You will see it mainly in written texts, news, business Japanese and academic contexts.
How can I remember に long-term?
Use the flashcard on this page for active recall — see the pattern, reconstruct the usage from memory, then flip. Follow with the 4-choice quiz to distinguish it from similar patterns. Review later the same day and again over the following days. Writing original sentences can help you practise using the pattern in context.