及び
🃏 Flashcard
及び
oyobi
Tap to reveal usage
and; as well as~
N2
Tap to test your recall · +10 XP
📊 Pattern Stats
JLPT Level
N2
Upper-Intermediate · Academic & formal usage
Reading
oyobi
Post ID
51125
Patterns today
0
0 / 10 daily goal
📝 Usage Notes
and; as well as~
📖 How to use it
A formal conjunction meaning 'and' or 'as well as', used to join nouns in written and official language.
Attaches to
Attaches directly between two nouns, or between two noun phrases, in the pattern: Noun A 及び Noun B.
及び is a formal, written-language equivalent of と or や. It joins nouns or noun phrases, not clauses. You will see it in legal documents, contracts, academic papers, news reports, and official notices. In speech, it sounds stiff and unnatural; use と instead. Note that 及び is a conjunction, so no particle is needed before or after it—just place it between the nouns. It can also be used to list multiple items, where it typically appears before the final item.
本会議の議長及び副議長を選出する。
Honkaigi no gichō oyobi fukugichō o sen shutsu suru.
We will elect the chairperson and vice-chairperson of this meeting.
入場料は大人500円及び子供200円です。
Nyūjōryō wa otona gohyaku en oyobi kodomo nihyaku en desu.
Admission is 500 yen for adults and 200 yen for children.
この書類には氏名、住所及び電話番号を記入してください。
Kono shorui ni wa shimei, jūsho oyobi denwa bangō o kinyū shite kudasai.
Please fill in your name, address, and phone number on this form.
Not と
と is used in both speech and writing to list nouns. 及び is strictly formal and used mainly in official or legal contexts. For everyday sentences, use と; for written documents, 及び is appropriate.
Register
Very formal and almost exclusively written; found in official documents, legal texts, and academic writing—uncommon in casual conversation.
🎯 Quick Quiz
What does this grammar pattern mean or do?
及び
📚 How to Master This Pattern
Say It Aloud
Press Hear it and repeat 及び three times. Feel the rhythm — grammar patterns have a natural flow.
Flip Before Reading
Always try to recall the usage before flipping the card. Struggle = learning. Every failed recall makes the next one stick harder.
Write Two Sentences
Compose two original sentences using 及び. One about yourself, one about something you see right now.
Spaced Review
Save this pattern and revisit at 10 min, 1 day, 3 days. Production (writing) beats recognition for grammar.
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it is feared that; to be in danger of
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not well; not enough; improperly
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What does the grammar pattern 及び mean?
▼
And; as well as~
What JLPT level is 及び?
▼
Nihoner currently groups this pattern under JLPT N2 — Upper-Intermediate · Academic & formal usage. Use the level label as study guidance rather than a prediction of what will appear on an exam.
How do you use 及び in a sentence?
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Attach 及び (oyobi) to the appropriate verb or noun form as described in the usage notes. Then try writing two original sentences — one about yourself and one about something around you.
Is 及び formal or casual Japanese?
▼
及び is used in formal or written contexts. You will see it mainly in written texts, news, business Japanese and academic contexts.
How can I remember 及び long-term?
▼
Use the flashcard on this page for active recall — see the pattern, reconstruct the usage from memory, then flip. Follow with the 4-choice quiz to distinguish it from similar patterns. Review later the same day and again over the following days. Writing original sentences can help you practise using the pattern in context.