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とも〜とも
N1 GRAMMAR ⏱ 0s study 📖 0 today
tomo~tomo
unable to draw a conclusion/ judge
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🃏 Flashcard
とも〜とも
tomo~tomo
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unable to draw a conclusion/ judge
N1
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📊 Pattern Stats
JLPT Level N1
Advanced · Literary, rhetorical & rare forms
Reading tomo~tomo
Post ID 51409
Patterns today 0
0 / 10 daily goal
📝 Usage Notes

unable to draw a conclusion/ judge

📖 How to use it

Pairs two options to express that one cannot determine which is true or which applies.

Attaches to Attach とも to each of two items: noun, verb dictionary form, or な-adjective stem. The two items are joined as ともAともB, with とも repeated before each.

This pattern is used when you face two opposite or contrasting possibilities and cannot decide between them. It often appears with verbs like 言える (can say), 判断する (to judge), or 決める (to decide) in negative or questioning contexts. For example, とも言える means 'can be said either way', and とも判断できない means 'cannot judge either way'. The two items are usually antonyms or alternatives, such as 良い and 悪い, or 行く and 行かない. The nuance is one of genuine uncertainty; the speaker is not just hesitating but presents both sides as equally plausible. This is a written, formal pattern, common in essays, news analysis, or intellectual discussion. In casual speech, it sounds stiff or bookish. Instead of saying both とも, a speaker might say AともBとも言えない, which still uses the pattern, but the pattern itself is not colloquial. Note that the items must be of the same grammatical type: both nouns, both verbs, or both adjectives. Do not mix, for example, a noun with a verb.

彼が犯人かどうか、有罪とも無罪とも判断できない。
Kare ga hannin ka dou ka, yuuzai tomo muzai tomo handan dekinai.
I cannot judge whether he is guilty or innocent.
この計画は成功するともしないとも言えない。
Kono keikaku wa seikou suru tomo shinai tomo ienai.
You can't say whether this plan will succeed or not.
その話は本当とも嘘ともつかない。
Sono hanashi wa hontou tomo uso tomo tsukanai.
That story could be true or false; you can't tell.
Not か〜か か〜か simply lists alternatives without implying indecision. とも〜とも emphasizes that you cannot commit to either, often with a verb of judgment or saying in negative form.
Register Formal and written; used in essays, reports, or serious discussions, not in casual conversation.
🎯 Quick Quiz
What does this grammar pattern mean or do?
とも〜とも
📚 How to Master This Pattern
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Say It Aloud
Press Hear it and repeat とも〜とも three times. Feel the rhythm — grammar patterns have a natural flow.
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Flip Before Reading
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Write Two Sentences
Compose two original sentences using とも〜とも. One about yourself, one about something you see right now.
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Spaced Review
Save this pattern and revisit at 10 min, 1 day, 3 days. Production (writing) beats recognition for grammar.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What does the grammar pattern とも〜とも mean? ▼
Unable to draw a conclusion/ judge
What JLPT level is とも〜とも? ▼
Nihoner currently groups this pattern under JLPT N1 — Advanced · Literary, rhetorical & rare forms. Use the level label as study guidance rather than a prediction of what will appear on an exam.
How do you use とも〜とも in a sentence? ▼
Attach とも〜とも (tomo~tomo) to the appropriate verb or noun form as described in the usage notes. Then try writing two original sentences — one about yourself and one about something around you.
Is とも〜とも formal or casual Japanese? ▼
とも〜とも is used in formal or written contexts. You will see it mainly in written texts, news, business Japanese and academic contexts.
How can I remember とも〜とも long-term? ▼
Use the flashcard on this page for active recall — see the pattern, reconstruct the usage from memory, then flip. Follow with the 4-choice quiz to distinguish it from similar patterns. Review later the same day and again over the following days. Writing original sentences can help you practise using the pattern in context.