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shi
and; and what’s more; emphasis
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🃏 Flashcard
shi
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and; and what’s more; emphasis
N4
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📊 Pattern Stats
JLPT Level N4
Upper-Beginner · Forming complex sentences
Reading shi
Post ID 50758
Patterns today 0
0 / 10 daily goal
📝 Usage Notes

and; and what’s more; emphasis

📖 How to use it

Connects clauses to list reasons or add information, often implying there are more.

Attaches to Attach to the plain form of verbs and adjectives. For nouns and な-adjectives, use だし (i.e., noun/な-adjective + だ + し).

The particle し is used to connect two or more clauses, meaning 'and' or 'and what's more'. It often implies that there are other reasons or points not mentioned. For example, you might say 'この店は安いし、おいしい' to say 'This shop is cheap, and also delicious', with the nuance that there are other good points too.

You attach し to the plain form of a verb or adjective. For nouns and な-adjectives, you add だ before し, like '学生だし' (since I'm a student). The tense is shown in the plain form: past tense uses たし, e.g., '行ったし' (I went, and...). It's common in both speaking and writing, but in casual speech you often hear it after a single clause to add a reason, like '疲れたし、もう寝る' (I'm tired, so I'm going to bed).

今日は寒いし、風も強いし、外に出たくない。
Kyou wa samui shi, kaze mo tsuyoi shi, soto ni detakunai.
It's cold today, and the wind is strong, so I don't want to go out.
彼は優しいし、面白いから、人気がある。
Kare wa yasashii shi, omoshiroi kara, ninki ga aru.
He's kind and funny, so he's popular.
このレストランは安いし、おいしいし、よく行く。
Kono resutoran wa yasui shi, oishii shi, yoku iku.
This restaurant is cheap and delicious, so I go often.
Not て-form (and) or から (because) し lists reasons or points, implying there are more; て simply connects actions or states; から gives a direct reason. Use し when you want to say 'among other reasons'.
Register Neutral; common in both conversation and writing, but avoid overusing in polite speech if you want to sound formal.
🎯 Quick Quiz
What does this grammar pattern mean or do?
📚 How to Master This Pattern
🔊
Say It Aloud
Press Hear it and repeat し three times. Feel the rhythm — grammar patterns have a natural flow.
🃏
Flip Before Reading
Always try to recall the usage before flipping the card. Struggle = learning. Every failed recall makes the next one stick harder.
✍️
Write Two Sentences
Compose two original sentences using し. One about yourself, one about something you see right now.
Spaced Review
Save this pattern and revisit at 10 min, 1 day, 3 days. Production (writing) beats recognition for grammar.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What does the grammar pattern し mean?
And; and what’s more; emphasis
What JLPT level is し?
Nihoner currently groups this pattern under JLPT N4 — Upper-Beginner · Forming complex sentences. Use the level label as study guidance rather than a prediction of what will appear on an exam.
How do you use し in a sentence?
Attach (shi) to the appropriate verb or noun form as described in the usage notes. Then try writing two original sentences — one about yourself and one about something around you.
Is し formal or casual Japanese?
is used in both casual and polite contexts. It appears frequently in everyday conversation, textbooks, and simple written materials.
How can I remember し long-term?
Use the flashcard on this page for active recall — see the pattern, reconstruct the usage from memory, then flip. Follow with the 4-choice quiz to distinguish it from similar patterns. Review later the same day and again over the following days. Writing original sentences can help you practise using the pattern in context.