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The te-form

The te-form (て形) is a conjugated form of Japanese verbs and adjectives that ends in て (te) or で (de). It is used to connect clauses, form requests, express ongoing actions, and build various grammatical constructions.

Overview

The te-form is one of the most important verb forms in Japanese. It is not a tense but a connective form, used to link verbs, adjectives, and sentences. Its name comes from the ending て (te) or で (de), which appears at the end of the conjugated word.

Formation from Verbs

The te-form is created differently depending on the verb class. Japanese verbs are divided into three groups: 五段動詞 (godan dōshi, godan verbs), 一段動詞 (ichidan dōshi, ichidan verbs), and irregular verbs.

Ichidan Verbs (一段動詞)

Ichidan verbs, also called ru-verbs, end in -る (ru) with the preceding vowel being either え (e) or い (i). To form the te-form, simply drop the final る and add て.

  • 食べる(たべる, taberu, to eat)→ 食べて(たべて, tabete)
  • 見る(みる, miru, to see)→ 見て(みて, mite)

Godan Verbs (五段動詞)

Godan verbs, also called u-verbs, end in -u, and their te-form involves a sound change based on the final syllable. The final syllable determines the transformation:

  • う (u), つ (tsu), る (ru) → って (tte)
  • 買う(かう, kau, to buy)→ 買って(かって, katte)
  • 待つ(まつ, matsu, to wait)→ 待って(まって, matte)
  • 取る(とる, toru, to take)→ 取って(とって, totte)
  • む (mu), ぶ (bu), ぬ (nu) → んで (nde)
  • 読む(よむ, yomu, to read)→ 読んで(よんで, yonde)
  • 遊ぶ(あそぶ, asobu, to play)→ 遊んで(あそんで, asonde)
  • 死ぬ(しぬ, shinu, to die)→ 死んで(しんで, shinde)
  • く (ku) → いて (ite)
  • 書く(かく, kaku, to write)→ 書いて(かいて, kaite)
  • ぐ (gu) → いで (ide)
  • 泳ぐ(およぐ, oyogu, to swim)→ 泳いで(およいで, oyoide)
  • す (su) → して (shite)
  • 話す(はなす, hanasu, to speak)→ 話して(はなして, hanashite)

Note that the verb 行く(いく, iku, to go)is an exception: it becomes 行って(いって, itte)instead of the expected 行いて.

Irregular Verbs

There are only two irregular verbs in Japanese:

  • する (suru, to do) → して (shite)
  • 来る(くる, kuru, to come)→ 来て(きて, kite)

Formation from Adjectives and the Copula

Adjectives also have te-forms, used for connecting adjectives or for grammar patterns.

  • い-adjectives: Drop the final い and add くて.
  • 高い(たかい, takai, expensive)→ 高くて(たかくて, takakute)
  • な-adjectives: Add で after the stem.
  • 静か(しずか, shizuka, quiet)→ 静かで(しずかで, shizukade)
  • The copula だ (da) becomes で (de), used in constructions like ~でください.

Grammar That Attaches to the Te-Form

The te-form is a building block for many grammatical patterns. Here are the most common ones.

~てください (Please do)

Used to make polite requests.

  • 待ってください。(まってください, Matte kudasai. Please wait.)

~ている (Ongoing or State)

Combined with いる (iru), it expresses an ongoing action or a resultant state.

  • 食べている。(たべている, Tabete iru. I am eating.)
  • 結婚している。(けっこんしている, Kekkon shite iru. I am married.)

~てもいい (May do)

Expresses permission.

  • 入ってもいいですか。(はいってもいいですか, Haitte mo ii desu ka. May I come in?)

~てはいけない (Must not do)

Expresses prohibition.

  • ここで遊んではいけない。(ここであそんではいけない, Koko de asonde wa ikenai. You must not play here.)

~てから (After doing)

Indicates sequence.

  • 食べてから出かける。(たべてからでかける, Tabete kara dekakeru. After eating, I go out.)

~てしまう (Completion or Regret)

Indicates completion or an unfortunate outcome.

  • 忘れてしまった。(わすれてしまった, Wasurete shimatta. I forgot (unfortunately).)

~ておく (Do in Advance)

Indicates an action done in preparation.

  • 予約しておく。(よやくしておく, Yoyaku shite oku. I'll make a reservation (in advance).)

~てみる (Try Doing)

Indicates attempting an action.

  • 食べてみる。(たべてみる, Tabete miru. I'll try eating it.)

~てあげる / ~てくれる / ~てもらう (Give and Receive)

These express actions done for someone or by someone.

  • 手伝ってあげる。(てつだってあげる, Tetsudatte ageru. I'll help you.)
  • 教えてくれる。(おしえてくれる, Oshiete kureru. He teaches me.)
  • 直してもらう。(なおしてもらう, Naoshite morau. I have it fixed (by someone).)

~てほしい (Want Someone to Do)

Expresses a desire for someone to do something.

  • 来てほしい。(きてほしい, Kite hoshii. I want you to come.)

~ても (Even if)

Indicates concession.

  • 雨が降っても行く。(あめがふってもいく, Ame ga futte mo iku. Even if it rains, I'll go.)

~て (Connecting Clauses)

The te-form can simply connect two actions or states, similar to "and" in English.

  • 朝起きて、顔を洗う。(あさおきて、かおをあらう, Asa okite, kao o arau. I get up and wash my face.)

Common Mistakes

Learners often confuse the te-form with the past tense. The te-form is not a tense; it is a connective form. Also, the sound changes in godan verbs can be tricky, especially the く→いて change and the exception of 行く.

For practice, see the Conjugation Dojo and the grammar library.

Commonly misunderstood

Some learners think the te-form is a past tense, but it is actually a connective form with no tense of its own.

Questions

How do I form the te-form of a godan verb?

Look at the final syllable. If it's う, つ, or る, change to って. If it's む, ぶ, or ぬ, change to んで. If it's く, change to いて; if it's ぐ, change to いで; if it's す, change to して. Remember 行く is irregular: 行って.

What is the difference between ~てください and ~てもいいですか?

~てください is a polite request meaning 'please do ~'. ~てもいいですか asks for permission, meaning 'may I do ~?'.

Can I use the te-form to connect sentences?

Yes, the te-form can connect clauses to show sequence or reason, like 'I woke up and washed my face' (朝起きて、顔を洗う).

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